[iBio] http://www.ibio.cl/2019/08/06/workshop-ii-ibio-bioinformatica iBio
# 2+2
2+2
## [1] 4
2*3
## [1] 6
8/2
## [1] 4
10-3
## [1] 7
a <- 2+2
a
## [1] 4
b = 2+3
b
## [1] 5
a*b
## [1] 20
a*b -> c
ls()
## [1] "a" "b" "c"
vectorletras<-c("plantas","hongos","milenio","iBio","cocacola")
vectorletras
## [1] "plantas" "hongos" "milenio" "iBio" "cocacola"
vectornumeros<-c(0,1,2,3,4,5)
vectornumeros
## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5
vectornumeros[3]
## [1] 2
vectornumeros2<-vectornumeros*(a+b+1)
vectornumeros2
## [1] 0 10 20 30 40 50
matriz1<-cbind(vectornumeros,vectornumeros2)
matriz2<-cbind(matriz1,vectorletras)
## Warning in cbind(matriz1, vectorletras): number of rows of result is not a
## multiple of vector length (arg 2)
Cuidado con las dimensiones
vectorletras<-c(vectorletras,"queso")
matriz2<-cbind(matriz1,vectorletras)
matriz2
## vectornumeros vectornumeros2 vectorletras
## [1,] "0" "0" "plantas"
## [2,] "1" "10" "hongos"
## [3,] "2" "20" "milenio"
## [4,] "3" "30" "iBio"
## [5,] "4" "40" "cocacola"
## [6,] "5" "50" "queso"
Fíjese en las comillas, ahora todo es texto.
dataframe<-data.frame(matriz1,vectorletras)
dataframe[,1]
## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5
sum(dataframe[,1])
## [1] 15
dataframe[c(1:2,5:6),]
## vectornumeros vectornumeros2 vectorletras
## 1 0 0 plantas
## 2 1 10 hongos
## 5 4 40 cocacola
## 6 5 50 queso
colSums(dataframe[c(1:2,5:6),1:2])
## vectornumeros vectornumeros2
## 10 100
colMeans(dataframe[c(1:2,5:6),1:2])
## vectornumeros vectornumeros2
## 2.5 25.0
?colMeans
## starting httpd help server ... done
Modo gráfico (Session -> Set Working Directory -> Choose Directory)
Modo comando
setwd("D:/Lab/curso_iBio")
This famous (Fisher’s or Anderson’s) iris data set gives the measurements in centimeters of the variables sepal length and width and petal length and width, respectively, for 50 flowers from each of 3 species of iris. The species are Iris setosa, versicolor, and virginica.
iris
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
## 7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 8 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
## 11 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 13 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 setosa
## 14 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 setosa
## 15 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 setosa
## 16 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 17 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 setosa
## 18 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 19 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 setosa
## 20 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 setosa
## 21 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 setosa
## 22 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 23 4.6 3.6 1.0 0.2 setosa
## 24 5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5 setosa
## 25 4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2 setosa
## 26 5.0 3.0 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 27 5.0 3.4 1.6 0.4 setosa
## 28 5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 29 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 30 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 31 4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 32 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 33 5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
## 34 5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 35 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 36 5.0 3.2 1.2 0.2 setosa
## 37 5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 38 4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1 setosa
## 39 4.4 3.0 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 40 5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 41 5.0 3.5 1.3 0.3 setosa
## 42 4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3 setosa
## 43 4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 44 5.0 3.5 1.6 0.6 setosa
## 45 5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4 setosa
## 46 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 47 5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 48 4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 49 5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 50 5.0 3.3 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 51 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4 versicolor
## 52 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 53 6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5 versicolor
## 54 5.5 2.3 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 55 6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5 versicolor
## 56 5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3 versicolor
## 57 6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6 versicolor
## 58 4.9 2.4 3.3 1.0 versicolor
## 59 6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3 versicolor
## 60 5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4 versicolor
## 61 5.0 2.0 3.5 1.0 versicolor
## 62 5.9 3.0 4.2 1.5 versicolor
## 63 6.0 2.2 4.0 1.0 versicolor
## 64 6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4 versicolor
## 65 5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3 versicolor
## 66 6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4 versicolor
## 67 5.6 3.0 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 68 5.8 2.7 4.1 1.0 versicolor
## 69 6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 70 5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1 versicolor
## 71 5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8 versicolor
## 72 6.1 2.8 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 73 6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5 versicolor
## 74 6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2 versicolor
## 75 6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3 versicolor
## 76 6.6 3.0 4.4 1.4 versicolor
## 77 6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4 versicolor
## 78 6.7 3.0 5.0 1.7 versicolor
## 79 6.0 2.9 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 80 5.7 2.6 3.5 1.0 versicolor
## 81 5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1 versicolor
## 82 5.5 2.4 3.7 1.0 versicolor
## 83 5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2 versicolor
## 84 6.0 2.7 5.1 1.6 versicolor
## 85 5.4 3.0 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 86 6.0 3.4 4.5 1.6 versicolor
## 87 6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5 versicolor
## 88 6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3 versicolor
## 89 5.6 3.0 4.1 1.3 versicolor
## 90 5.5 2.5 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 91 5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2 versicolor
## 92 6.1 3.0 4.6 1.4 versicolor
## 93 5.8 2.6 4.0 1.2 versicolor
## 94 5.0 2.3 3.3 1.0 versicolor
## 95 5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3 versicolor
## 96 5.7 3.0 4.2 1.2 versicolor
## 97 5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3 versicolor
## 98 6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3 versicolor
## 99 5.1 2.5 3.0 1.1 versicolor
## 100 5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3 versicolor
## 101 6.3 3.3 6.0 2.5 virginica
## 102 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 virginica
## 103 7.1 3.0 5.9 2.1 virginica
## 104 6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8 virginica
## 105 6.5 3.0 5.8 2.2 virginica
## 106 7.6 3.0 6.6 2.1 virginica
## 107 4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7 virginica
## 108 7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8 virginica
## 109 6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8 virginica
## 110 7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5 virginica
## 111 6.5 3.2 5.1 2.0 virginica
## 112 6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9 virginica
## 113 6.8 3.0 5.5 2.1 virginica
## 114 5.7 2.5 5.0 2.0 virginica
## 115 5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4 virginica
## 116 6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3 virginica
## 117 6.5 3.0 5.5 1.8 virginica
## 118 7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2 virginica
## 119 7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3 virginica
## 120 6.0 2.2 5.0 1.5 virginica
## 121 6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3 virginica
## 122 5.6 2.8 4.9 2.0 virginica
## 123 7.7 2.8 6.7 2.0 virginica
## 124 6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8 virginica
## 125 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1 virginica
## 126 7.2 3.2 6.0 1.8 virginica
## 127 6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8 virginica
## 128 6.1 3.0 4.9 1.8 virginica
## 129 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1 virginica
## 130 7.2 3.0 5.8 1.6 virginica
## 131 7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9 virginica
## 132 7.9 3.8 6.4 2.0 virginica
## 133 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2 virginica
## 134 6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5 virginica
## 135 6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4 virginica
## 136 7.7 3.0 6.1 2.3 virginica
## 137 6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4 virginica
## 138 6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8 virginica
## 139 6.0 3.0 4.8 1.8 virginica
## 140 6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1 virginica
## 141 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4 virginica
## 142 6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3 virginica
## 143 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 virginica
## 144 6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3 virginica
## 145 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5 virginica
## 146 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 virginica
## 147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 virginica
## 148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 virginica
## 149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 virginica
## 150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 virginica
tabla_iris<-iris
plot(tabla_iris) # grafica lo que puede graficar
summary(tabla_iris) # resumen estadæ¼ã¹¤stico de las columnas
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## Min. :4.300 Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :0.100
## 1st Qu.:5.100 1st Qu.:2.800 1st Qu.:1.600 1st Qu.:0.300
## Median :5.800 Median :3.000 Median :4.350 Median :1.300
## Mean :5.843 Mean :3.057 Mean :3.758 Mean :1.199
## 3rd Qu.:6.400 3rd Qu.:3.300 3rd Qu.:5.100 3rd Qu.:1.800
## Max. :7.900 Max. :4.400 Max. :6.900 Max. :2.500
## Species
## setosa :50
## versicolor:50
## virginica :50
##
##
##
str(tabla_iris) # "representaciæ¼ã¸³n textual" del objeto
## 'data.frame': 150 obs. of 5 variables:
## $ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
## $ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
## $ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
## $ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
## $ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
dim(tabla_iris) # dimensiones del objeto
## [1] 150 5
write.table(tabla_iris,"tabla_iris.txt",sep="\t",quote=F,col.names = NA)
tabla_texto<-read.table("tabla_iris.txt",sep="\t",row.names = 1,header=T)
#install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
## Warning: package 'readxl' was built under R version 3.6.1
misdatos<-read_excel("ibio.xlsx",sheet = "Hoja1")
## New names:
## * `` -> ...1
summary(as.data.frame(misdatos))
## ...1 Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length
## Min. : 1.00 Min. :4.300 Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.: 38.25 1st Qu.:5.100 1st Qu.:2.800 1st Qu.:1.600
## Median : 75.50 Median :5.800 Median :3.000 Median :4.350
## Mean : 75.50 Mean :5.843 Mean :3.057 Mean :3.758
## 3rd Qu.:112.75 3rd Qu.:6.400 3rd Qu.:3.300 3rd Qu.:5.100
## Max. :150.00 Max. :7.900 Max. :4.400 Max. :6.900
## Petal.Width Species
## Min. :0.100 Length:150
## 1st Qu.:0.300 Class :character
## Median :1.300 Mode :character
## Mean :1.199
## 3rd Qu.:1.800
## Max. :2.500
hist(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width,nclass = 10)
?hist # ayuda de la funciæ¼ã¸³n hist
hist(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width,nclass = 10, main="Histograma de iBio",col = "green")
#hist(tabla_iris$Species) # no se puede hace un historama de una columna que contiene sæ¼ã¸³lo palabras.
mean(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length)
## [1] 5.843333
mean(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length[tabla_iris$Species=="virginica"])
## [1] 6.588
hist(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length,nclass = 12)
shapiro.test(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length)
##
## Shapiro-Wilk normality test
##
## data: tabla_iris$Sepal.Length
## W = 0.97609, p-value = 0.01018
hist(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width,nclass = 12)
shapiro.test(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width)
##
## Shapiro-Wilk normality test
##
## data: tabla_iris$Sepal.Width
## W = 0.98492, p-value = 0.1012
#cor(tabla_iris) # esto no funciona pues la matriz tiene una columna con texto
tabla_iris_sinespecies<-tabla_iris[,-5]
cor(tabla_iris_sinespecies)
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## Sepal.Length 1.0000000 -0.1175698 0.8717538 0.8179411
## Sepal.Width -0.1175698 1.0000000 -0.4284401 -0.3661259
## Petal.Length 0.8717538 -0.4284401 1.0000000 0.9628654
## Petal.Width 0.8179411 -0.3661259 0.9628654 1.0000000
plot(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length,tabla_iris$Sepal.Width)
plot(tabla_iris$Sepal.Length,tabla_iris$Petal.Length)
boxplot(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width~iris$Species,col ="green",main ="Especies de iris\n segæ¼ã¹¡n la anchura del sæ¼ã¸¹palo")
pdf("grafico.pdf")
boxplot(tabla_iris$Sepal.Width~iris$Species,col ="green",main ="Especies de iris\nsegæ¼ã¹¡n la anchura del sæ¼ã¸¹palo")
dev.off()
## png
## 2
#2especies<-tabla_iris[tabla_iris$Species!="virginica",] ## recordatorio de que los nombres de variables no deben comenzar con næ¼ã¹¡mero.
especies_2<-tabla_iris[tabla_iris$Species!="virginica",]
t.test(especies_2$Sepal.Width~especies_2$Species)
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: especies_2$Sepal.Width by especies_2$Species
## t = 9.455, df = 94.698, p-value = 2.484e-15
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5198348 0.7961652
## sample estimates:
## mean in group setosa mean in group versicolor
## 3.428 2.770
resultado_test_de_t<-t.test(especies_2$Sepal.Width~especies_2$Species)
ls(resultado_test_de_t)
## [1] "alternative" "conf.int" "data.name" "estimate" "method"
## [6] "null.value" "p.value" "parameter" "statistic" "stderr"
resultado_test_de_t$p.value
## [1] 2.484228e-15
aleatorio<-sample(1:150,25)
aleatorio<-as.character(aleatorio)
tabla_nueva<-tabla_iris[aleatorio,]
tabla_nueva
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 41 5.0 3.5 1.3 0.3 setosa
## 132 7.9 3.8 6.4 2.0 virginica
## 36 5.0 3.2 1.2 0.2 setosa
## 110 7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5 virginica
## 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 70 5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1 versicolor
## 48 4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 30 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 52 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 33 5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
## 82 5.5 2.4 3.7 1.0 versicolor
## 31 4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 146 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 virginica
## 46 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 119 7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3 virginica
## 112 6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9 virginica
## 37 5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 103 7.1 3.0 5.9 2.1 virginica
## 95 5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3 versicolor
## 106 7.6 3.0 6.6 2.1 virginica
## 128 6.1 3.0 4.9 1.8 virginica
## 143 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 virginica
## 32 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 25 4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2 setosa
## 24 5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5 setosa
tablamezclada<-merge(tabla_nueva,tabla_iris,by.x=0,by.y=0)
dim(tablamezclada)
## [1] 25 11
head(tablamezclada)
## Row.names Sepal.Length.x Sepal.Width.x Petal.Length.x Petal.Width.x
## 1 103 7.1 3.0 5.9 2.1
## 2 106 7.6 3.0 6.6 2.1
## 3 110 7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5
## 4 112 6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9
## 5 119 7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3
## 6 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2
## Species.x Sepal.Length.y Sepal.Width.y Petal.Length.y Petal.Width.y
## 1 virginica 7.1 3.0 5.9 2.1
## 2 virginica 7.6 3.0 6.6 2.1
## 3 virginica 7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5
## 4 virginica 6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9
## 5 virginica 7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3
## 6 setosa 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2
## Species.y
## 1 virginica
## 2 virginica
## 3 virginica
## 4 virginica
## 5 virginica
## 6 setosa
apply(X = tabla_iris_sinespecies,1,sd)
## [1] 2.179449 2.036950 1.997498 1.912241 2.156386 2.230844 1.936276
## [8] 2.109305 1.822773 2.068816 2.307957 2.016598 2.032035 1.883923
## [15] 2.566450 2.467117 2.307235 2.143789 2.369775 2.173131 2.238117
## [22] 2.120338 2.087263 1.995829 1.977161 2.048577 2.019901 2.201515
## [29] 2.205297 1.950000 1.977161 2.199053 2.338625 2.447277 2.032035
## [36] 2.135416 2.357082 2.155613 1.851801 2.148643 2.123480 1.796292
## [43] 1.882153 1.961929 2.070427 1.960230 2.192981 1.941649 2.269178
## [50] 2.112463 2.371181 2.070427 2.326657 1.855398 2.176388 1.927650
## [57] 2.002290 1.635033 2.275229 1.626858 1.750000 1.862794 2.181742
## [64] 2.054872 1.782321 2.234577 1.786057 2.041241 2.155613 1.925920
## [71] 1.798842 2.027313 2.193931 2.146315 2.163909 2.205297 2.357258
## [78] 2.201515 1.950000 1.961292 1.888562 1.915724 1.944222 2.046949
## [85] 1.714643 1.853600 2.224110 2.229163 1.812917 1.822773 1.905037
## [92] 2.027108 1.966384 1.687207 1.859211 1.903287 1.873277 2.082266
## [99] 1.658061 1.873277 1.908533 1.869715 2.361320 2.145538 2.095034
## [106] 2.683747 1.544884 2.639918 2.412468 2.173323 1.994994 2.123480
## [113] 2.176388 1.823915 1.678044 1.881489 2.174090 2.544275 2.821790
## [120] 2.165448 2.139120 1.701715 2.820165 2.050000 2.118962 2.483948
## [127] 1.976529 1.919201 2.095034 2.556039 2.621068 2.633597 2.061553
## [134] 2.173131 2.285279 2.555223 1.830073 2.121320 1.865476 2.177728
## [141] 2.033880 2.068010 1.869715 2.142429 1.975686 2.021551 2.075853
## [148] 2.046745 1.791415 1.884144
apply(X = tabla_iris_sinespecies,2,sd)
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## 0.8280661 0.4358663 1.7652982 0.7622377
apply(X = tabla_iris_sinespecies,2,mean)
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## 5.843333 3.057333 3.758000 1.199333
tapply(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Species, sd)
## setosa versicolor virginica
## 0.1736640 0.4699110 0.5518947
funcion_ibio<-function(lo_que_entra)
{ salida= log2(lo_que_entra+1)
return(salida)
}
funcion_ibio(7)
## [1] 3
#install.packages("ggfortify") #instalaciæ¼ã¸³n en caso que no lo tengan
library(ggfortify)
## Warning: package 'ggfortify' was built under R version 3.6.1
## Loading required package: ggplot2
pca = prcomp(tabla_iris_sinespecies, scale. = T)
summary(pca)
## Importance of components:
## PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
## Standard deviation 1.7084 0.9560 0.38309 0.14393
## Proportion of Variance 0.7296 0.2285 0.03669 0.00518
## Cumulative Proportion 0.7296 0.9581 0.99482 1.00000
autoplot(pca)
autoplot(pca, data = tabla_iris, colour = 'Species')
autoplot(pca, data = tabla_iris, colour = 'Species', shape = FALSE, label.size = 3)
autoplot(pca, data = tabla_iris, colour = 'Species',
loadings = TRUE, loadings.colour = 'blue',
loadings.label = TRUE, loadings.label.size = 3)
#install.packages("gplots") #instalaciæ¼ã¸³n en caso que no lo tengan
library(gplots)
## Warning: package 'gplots' was built under R version 3.6.1
##
## Attaching package: 'gplots'
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
##
## lowess
dev.off()
## null device
## 1
#x11()
colores<-c(rep("blue",50),rep("red",50),rep("green",50))
heatmap.2(as.matrix(t(tabla_iris_sinespecies)),trace="none",colCol = colores,cex.lab=100)
#install.packages("ggplot2")
library(ggplot2)
p <-ggplot(iris,aes(x =Petal.Length,y =Petal.Width,colour =Species)) #construye el objeto que seræ¼ã¸± la base del græ¼ã¸±fico
print(p)
p <-p+geom_point() # se agregan los puntos
print(p)
p<-p+geom_smooth() # se agregan los læ¼ã¹¤mites de confianza
print(p)
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula 'y ~ x'
dev.off() #resetear la ventana de salida
## null device
## 1
p <-ggplot(iris,aes(x =Species,y =Petal.Width,colour=Species)) # græ¼ã¸±fico de cajas
p <-p+ geom_boxplot()
print(p)